May 1787 every states sent their representative to
attend the Constitutional Convention except Rhode Island which still fought to
get their independence from Britain. Constitutional Convention was made by
thirteen colonies for two main reason, that are economic freedom and religious
freedom. For the people from all colonies monarch was doomed, by the time
Constitutional Convention was agreed by
the Britain and they became independence. For the first step, they began
estabilish their political traditions, which based on liberty principle.
By the 1700, those thirteen colonies had start to
fought for freedom, they had created a pattern across the thirteen colonies as
follows; The executive branch, The legislative branch, and write the constitution.
When the situation being more serious because of seven years wars, finally King
issued a proclamation reserving the new territories for native Americans, which
answered the self-government for America’s demand. On 4 July 1776, the rights
of indepencence was issued, and did two things. Fisrt is to identified the
right to which all people were entitled and the purpose of the government. The
second is to listed twenty-sevem examples of the British Government, especially
the King, abusing its power, which, in turn, justified the revolution. Eventhough
thirteen colonies had to developed their own political cultures, by the 1787
the leaders from each colonies had also to developed their general political
cultures which all of the concept exhibit the liberalian point of view. So,
they encourage the business and restricted the government, they proclaim low
tax-economy based on robust individualism. These articles of confideration
certainly ensured that the government could not interfene in the affairs of
thirteen states or oppress its people, but they also ensured to the government
do the little things to resolve problem facing the country. But, a border
dispute on Maryland and Virginia in 1785 exhibited the need for greater
coordination between the States. So, they start to make a Covention held in
Annapolis, to ensure the effective mechanism to dealing some disputes, then
reviewed in Philadhelpia, which follows; delegates from at least seven of
thirteen states had to be present for each meeting, the discussion would have
to use private principle, every state had has one vote to prove the dealing, a
simple majority was required for all decisions, and the last the result of the
discussion will ratified when once nine of all states was agreed. This
mechanism start to be used on 25 May 1787.
Surely, to reach the consensus in every discussion
had no flawless way. Foe example, when they shared a political culture, there
were two main areas of disagreement and make a bitter debate, that were follow
by:
1. Big
state vs small state
The representatives of small state here is New
Jersey and for the Big States is Virginia. Small state was unaccepted the big
state’s proposal, which may two chamber of legislature whose were elected by
the people with wide rangin power and they may have the strong executive whose
choosen by the legislature, and made the national judiciary which appointed by
the legislatur. They think that the legislature would make some important
decision, and the legislatre would be dominated by representatives of the big
states because they they have largest population. So, small states give the
proposal which every point was the opposite of the big state’s proposal was
given, and the debate facing the deadlock for much of the summer of 1987.
2. Slavery
Delegates from northern states which presented by
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island wanted all slaves to be counted for
taxation purpose but not for the legislature, but the southern states didn’t
agree the proposal because one third of the people if the southern states was
enslaved Africans. The discussion facing the deadlock for a long time. On 17
September 1787 the conventions looks like impossible to make a deal. Besides,
the European nations were growing to strength for the territorial ambition. For
the Americans there’s no way to face the European except try to survive except
work together.
There were any other bitter debate and massive
propaganda campaign to make the Constitutional could become law between the
people who agree with federalis and anti- federalis. Thomas Jefferson as a
representatives of anti-federalist whose exspressed the five following
argument; a strong executive, a strong legislature, separation of powers is not
resriscted enough, representation could only be effective when the government
was close and understood the people, and state’s rights would erode over time
as a strong national government would inevitably accumulate power at the
expense of the states. Meanwhile, Alexander Hammilton as a representatives from
federalis express the argument that the nation would not be able to survive
without a national government and that that government had to be given
sufficient power to be effective, but James Madison agreed with Hamilton that
national government need enough power to be effective but face retriction that
stop it from becoming tyrannical. By 1888 it become clear and retificated
because of the bill of right was added.
Federalism was intended to ensure that the majority
of the decisions affecting the dialy life would be taken by the people from the
local community who could best appreciate the needs and wishes of that
community and would be accountable to that community. Meanwhile, Separation of
powers was intended to ensure that the three main roles of the three main roles
of ccentral government would be carried out by different group of people, again
to avoid the concentration of power. The last is, cheks and balance were built
into the constitution to ensure that the powers of the three branches of the
government didn’t drift from one another.
The hard way to get the Constitution become law is
to prove the purpose of the America which now is known as purpose of the
constitution, that is: form a closer union between the states, estabilish
justice, provide effective defence, and ensure liberty. Besides that, to
counter act their ambition they should the people was protected from their
government, protect the people from themselves, protecting the interest of the
states, then protect the constitution, protect the specific rights: The Bill of
Rights, and the last is by keeping the constitution up to date.
So then, the debate of the constitusion have has
over wether the goal of securing the freedom and equality for all has finally
been achieved continous to be fiercely argued.
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